Bulging fontanelOne of the major signs of encephalitis in infants is bulging of the soft spots (fontanels) of the baby's skull. Pictured here is the anterior fontanel. CausesThe exact cause of encephalitis is often unknown. But when a cause is known, the most common is a viral infection. Bacterial infections and noninfectious inflammatory conditions also can cause encephalitis.There are two main types of encephalitis:.
Primary encephalitis. This condition occurs when a virus or other agent directly infects the brain. The infection may be concentrated in one area or widespread. A primary infection may be a reactivation of a virus that had been inactive after a previous illness. Secondary encephalitis.
This condition results from a faulty immune system reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body. Instead of attacking only the cells causing the infection, the immune system also mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the brain. Also known as post-infection encephalitis, secondary encephalitis often occurs two to three weeks after the initial infection.Common viral causes. West Nile virus transmission cycleWhen a mosquito bites an infected bird, the virus enters the mosquito's bloodstream and eventually moves into its salivary glands. When an infected mosquito bites an animal or a human (host), the virus is passed into the host's bloodstream, where it may cause serious illness.The viruses that can cause encephalitis include:. Herpes simplex virus (HSV).
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Both HSV type 1 — associated with cold sores and fever blisters around your mouth — and HSV type 2 — associated with genital herpes — can cause encephalitis. Encephalitis caused by HSV type 1 is rare but can result in significant brain damage or death.
Other herpes viruses. These include the Epstein-Barr virus, which commonly causes infectious mononucleosis, and the varicella-zoster virus, which commonly causes chickenpox and shingles.
Enteroviruses. These viruses include the poliovirus and the coxsackievirus, which usually cause an illness with flu-like symptoms, eye inflammation and abdominal pain. Mosquito-borne viruses.
These viruses can cause infections such as West Nile, La Crosse, St. Louis, western equine and eastern equine encephalitis. Symptoms of an infection might appear within a few days to a couple of weeks after exposure to a mosquito-borne virus. Tick-borne viruses. The Powassan virus is carried by ticks and causes encephalitis in the Midwestern United States. Symptoms usually appear about a week after a bite from an infected tick.
Rabies virus. Infection with the rabies virus, which is usually transmitted by a bite from an infected animal, causes a rapid progression to encephalitis once symptoms begin. Rabies is a rare cause of encephalitis in the United States. Childhood infections.
Common childhood infections — such as measles (rubeola), mumps and German measles (rubella) — used to be fairly common causes of secondary encephalitis. These causes are now rare in the United States due to the availability of vaccinations for these diseases.Risk factorsAnyone can develop encephalitis. Factors that may increase the risk include:. Age. Some types of encephalitis are more common or more severe in certain age groups.
In general, young children and older adults are at greater risk of most types of viral encephalitis. Weakened immune system. People who have HIV/AIDS, take immune-suppressing drugs or have another condition causing a weakened immune system are at increased risk of encephalitis. Geographical regions.
Mosquito- or tick-borne viruses are common in particular geographical regions. Season of the year. Mosquito- and tick-borne diseases tend to be more common in summer in many areas of the United States.ComplicationsThe complications of encephalitis vary, depending on factors such as:. Your age. The cause of your infection. The severity of your initial illness. The time from disease onset to treatmentPeople with relatively mild illness usually recover within a few weeks with no long-term complications.
Complications of severe illnessInflammation can injure the brain, possibly resulting in a coma or death.Other complications — varying greatly in severity — may persist for months or be permanent. These complications can include:. Persistent fatigue. Weakness or lack of muscle coordination. Personality changes.
Memory problems. Paralysis. Hearing or vision defects. Speech impairmentsPreventionThe best way to prevent viral encephalitis is to take precautions to avoid exposure to viruses that can cause the disease. Try to:.
Practice good hygiene. Wash hands frequently and thoroughly with soap and water, particularly after using the toilet and before and after meals. Don't share utensils.
Don't share tableware and beverages. Teach your children good habits. Make sure they practice good hygiene and avoid sharing utensils at home and school.
Get vaccinations. Keep your own and your children's vaccinations current. Before traveling, talk to your doctor about recommended vaccinations for different destinations.Protection against mosquitoes and ticksTo minimize your exposure to mosquitoes and ticks:. Dress to protect yourself. Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants if you're outside between dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active, and when you're in a wooded area with tall grasses and shrubs where ticks are more common.
Apply mosquito repellent. Chemicals such as DEET can be applied to both the skin and clothes.
To apply repellent to your face, spray it on your hands and then wipe it on your face. If you're using both sunscreen and a repellent, apply sunscreen first.
Use insecticide. The Environmental Protection Agency recommends the use of products containing permethrin, which repels and kills ticks and mosquitoes. These products can be sprayed on clothing, tents and other outdoor gear. Permethrin shouldn't be applied to the skin. Avoid mosquitoes. Refrain from unnecessary activity in places where mosquitoes are most common. If possible, avoid being outdoors from dusk till dawn, when mosquitoes are most active.
Repair broken windows and screens. Get rid of water sources outside your home. Eliminate standing water in your yard, where mosquitoes can lay their eggs. Common problems include flowerpots or other gardening containers, flat roofs, old tires and clogged gutters.
Pacifying meaning: 1. Present participle of pacify 2. To cause someone who is angry or upset to be calm and satisfied. Pacify definition, to bring or restore to a state of peace or tranquillity; quiet; calm: to pacify an angry man. Pacifying definition: Verb 1. Present participle of pacify. Keller took the baby in her arms, and when we had succeeded in pacifying her, I asked Helen, 'What did you do to baby?' ; Alexander had succeeded in pacifying Finland, and his troops held the Danubian provinces of Turkey - a pledge, as it seemed, for the future conquest of Constantinople. Define pacifying. Pacifying synonyms, pacifying pronunciation, pacifying translation, English dictionary definition of pacifying. Pacified, pacifying, pacifies 1. To ease the anger or agitation of. To calm or soothe. To end war, fighting, or violence in. Define placate. Pacify definition is - to allay the anger or agitation of: soothe. How to use pacify in a sentence. Did You Know? Synonym Discussion of pacify.
Look for outdoor signs of viral disease. If you notice sick or dying birds or animals, report your observations to your local health department.Protection for young childrenInsect repellents aren't recommended for use on infants younger than 2 months of age. Bennett JE, et al. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2015. Accessed Jan. 24, 2017.
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